Since its commissioning in 2024, the pipeline linking the Agadem oil basin to the port of Sèmè-Kpodji in Benin has propelled Niger onto the international crude oil scene. This strategic infrastructure enables the country to export its resources directly without relying on neighbouring networks, marking a decisive step for its oil industry. To date, more than 14 million barrels have been transported via this pipeline, testifying to the resilience of Niger's production despite a tense regional context.
Supported mainly by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), which controls the majority of shipments, the project will see the Nigerien government secure around 3.5 million barrels. Before the pipeline, the oil extracted in Niger was largely for domestic use, refined at the modest facilities in Zinder since 2011. Today, this new export route is reducing the country's dependence on imports of refined products and opening up promising prospects for its economy. The objective is clear: to gradually increase production to meet global demand and attract more foreign investment.
However, this growth is being held back by stormy relations with Benin, a key oil transit partner. Since the coup d'état in Niger in July 2023, the land borders between the two nations have remained closed, and mutual accusations are fuelling a diplomatic crisis. Niamey accuses Cotonou of harbouring forces hostile to its regime, allegations firmly denied by the Beninese government. Despite this friction, the pipeline continues to operate, underlining its vital role for both parties. "This infrastructure is proof of economic pragmatism in the face of political disputes", notes a regional observer.
Oil exports are a major lever for Niger, making it more attractive to foreign investors, starting with CNPC, which maintains a steady flow of cargoes. However, challenges remain. In addition to tensions with Benin, the authorities are concerned about the security of the installations, which are exposed to the risks of instability in the region. Added to this are the volatility of crude oil prices and the need to reduce dependence on foreign partners to manage the sector.
To meet these challenges, Niger is counting on the exploration of new oil blocks and plans to diversify its partnerships. If the country succeeds in overcoming these obstacles, the Agadem-Sèmè pipeline could become the foundation of a self-sufficient and competitive oil industry, further anchoring Niger among the leading African producers.